Abstract Ketamine. an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant actions. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential for the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. https://www.jalyttlers.shop/product-category/kettle/